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A. Taliban insurgents recently banned polio vaccination teams in southern Afghanistan because it suspects the teams of spying for the government. Pakistan is bordered by Afghanistan on the north and northwest, China on the northeast, India on the southeast, the Arabian Sea on the south and Iran on the southwest.
D. The first effective polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk at the University of Pittsburgh. An oral vaccine was later developed in Ohio by Albert Sabin, a Russian immigrant to the United States. But, Sabin later worked with Russian colleagues to perfect the vaccine which underwent large-scale testing in the Soviet Union, the United States' Cold War rival.
B. Islamabad was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, as the nation's capital. The rise in polio cases is particularly embarrassing because Pakistan's rival India appears to have finally beaten the disease with no cases reported in three years.
C. Suspicions over the polio vaccination program worsened after the United States was accused of using a fake vaccination program during its tracking of al-Qaeda chief Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan in 2011. Since December 2012, about 60 people, including health workers and police providing security to medical teams, have been killed by Taliban militants targeting polio teams.