B. Turkey spans southeastern Europe and western Asia. Most of its territory is in Asia, in a region called Anatolia. A smaller part, Eastern Thrace, lies in Europe. Antalya is a resort city on Turkey’s southern coast along the Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea borders Turkey to the north, while the Aegean Sea lies to the west.

Q: Which waterway runs through Istanbul and links the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara?

A. The Dardanelles

B. The Strait of Hormuz

C. The Bosphorus

D. The Suez Canal

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C. The Bosphorus forms part of the geographic boundary between Europe and Asia. Ships traveling from the Black Sea toward the Mediterranean pass through the Bosphorus, cross the Sea of Marmara, and continue through the Dardanelles.

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Q: Why can a disruption in the Strait of Hormuz raise fuel prices far from the Persian Gulf?

A. It links the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and most European fuel crosses it.

B. It controls the only shipping route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

C. It carries oil tankers directly from the Gulf of Oman into the Red Sea.

D. It is a narrow passage between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman through which major oil exporters ship fuel to world markets.

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D. The strait lies between Iran and Oman. It is a shipping chokepoint, meaning that a large volume of trade moves through a narrow passage with limited alternatives. Disruptions can reduce the supply reaching world markets and raise prices for countries far from the Gulf.

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Q: Which country in Oceania is leading the COP31 negotiations while Turkey hosts the summit?

A. Australia

B. New Zealand

C. Fiji

D. Papua New Guinea

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A. Turkey and Australia reached an agreement to share responsibilities for COP31. Turkey hosts the conference in Antalya and leads its Action Agenda, while Australia leads the formal negotiations.

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